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Transfer Pricing: At the heart of strategic tax thinking

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Transfer pricing sits at the crossroads of tax and business strategy - where a misplaced decimal can reset global profit margins. With regulators sharpening their focus, transfer pricing strategy and analysis are increasingly a priority for businesses operating across borders.
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At our 2025 Transfer Pricing Conference, held in October at our London offices, this shift was evident. Discussions moved beyond traditional arm’s length principles to explore how transfer pricing interacts with broader tax themes - from Pillar Two and global mobility to supply chain strategy and R&D.

The message was clear: transfer pricing is no longer siloed. It’s embedded in the way businesses create, measure, and protect value.

Four takeaways for decision makers

Pillar Two compliance depends on robust transfer pricing

Pillar Two, the OECD’s global minimum tax framework, is often framed as a reporting challenge, but as explored in multiple sessions at the conference, it’s fundamentally a transfer pricing issue. This is because transfer pricing determines the allocation of income and profit across jurisdictions — the very metrics that underpin Pillar Two calculations.

Retrospective TP adjustments can trigger top-up tax liabilities. Inconsistent documentation or weak governance can jeopardise access to transitional safe harbours. And the Country-by-Country Report (CbCR), which underpins Pillar Two compliance, must be “qualified.” This means it should reflect transfer pricing policies embedded in financial statements, not just tax computations.

The takeaway: Pillar Two compliance demands robust, defensible transfer pricing. Businesses must ensure their policies are not only technically sound but operationally implemented and supported by real-time data.

Environmental Taxes: The hidden supply chain disruptor businesses can’t ignore 

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Supply chains are undergoing rapid transformation driven by geopolitical shifts, ESG commitments, and technological innovation. These changes have profound implications for transfer pricing. As ESG pressures mount, the impact of environmental taxes on supply chains is unavoidable, but not all businesses are equally prepared.

Businesses with existing transfer pricing filing requirements are already  ahead of the curve, mapping operational changes to tax strategy, ensuring compliance and mitigating risk. However, businesses without these obligations may assume they’re insulated. Yet rising environmental taxes will ripple through supply chains, increasing costs that are ultimately passed on to them. 

The takeaway: Whether you file or not, environmental taxes will influence your supply chain strategy. The question is whether you anticipate these changes, or absorb them at a premium.

R&D and intangibles: Substance over structure

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Intellectual property (IP) and R&D activities are central to value creation, but they also pose some of the most challenging transfer pricing questions. As innovation becomes more dispersed and collaborative, transfer pricing must evolve to reflect the complexity of modern R&D ecosystems. 

Tax authorities want to see that profits from IP align with where development, enhancement, maintenance, protection, and exploitation (DEMPE) activities occur. 

Interactions at the conference highlighted the risks of flawed valuations that could trigger penalties.

For businesses, this goes beyond just compliance, it’s a strategic imperative. Getting transfer pricing right can protect against risk, support sustainable growth, and ensure that innovation investments deliver their full commercial value.

The takeaway: It’s no longer enough to rely on legal ownership or historical arrangements. Transfer pricing for intangibles must reflect the economic substance of the activities, be supported by strong governance, and be clearly documented.

Global mobility and the dynamic workforce: New risks, new opportunities

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The rise of remote work, cross-border teams, and flexible employment models has introduced new complexity into transfer pricing. Where employees are located and where decisions are made can affect permanent establishment (PE) risk, tax residence, and the allocation of value through transfer pricing.

Transfer pricing must now account for the dynamic workforce. Functions performed by in-market teams, especially those involved in strategy or customer relationships, may carry more weight in value creation than previously recognised. This has implications for how profits are attributed and how intercompany charges are structured.

The takeaway: Global mobility intersects with personal tax, social security, and corporate compliance. A holistic approach that integrates transfer pricing with payroll obligations to manage risk and optimise outcomes, is needed.

 

Conclusion

Transfer pricing is no longer just about documentation, it’s about strategy, governance, and resilience. Whether navigating Pillar Two, managing a global workforce, or responding to supply chain shocks, businesses must embed transfer pricing into their broader tax and operational frameworks. Those who treat it as a strategic lever, embedding it into systems, aligning it with business models, and proactively managing risk will not only stay compliant, but gain a competitive edge.


For further guidance, get in touch with the experts:

Kirsty Rockall, Antoinette Quinlan, Dan Dickinson, Duncan Nott, Katy Bond, Liz Hughes, Nick Warth, Joseph Groenen